Imfihlo yobomi obude beebhetri ezinokutshajwa kwakhona isenokuba semngciphekweni wokwahluka. Imodeli entsha yendlela iiseli ze-lithium-ion ezikwipakethi eziwohloka ngayo ibonisa indlela yokulungelelanisa ukutshaja ngokwesakhono seseli nganye ukuze iibhetri ze-EV zikwazi ukusingatha imijikelo yokutshaja emininzi kwaye zithintele ukungaphumeleli.

Olu phando, olupapashwe ngoNovemba 5 kwiIintengiselwano ze-IEEE kwiTekhnoloji yeeNkqubo zoLawulo, ibonisa indlela ukulawula ngamandla ubungakanani bombane ohamba ngayo kwiseli nganye kwiphakheji, endaweni yokuhambisa itshaja ngokulinganayo, okunokunciphisa ukuguguleka. Le ndlela ivumela iseli nganye ukuba iphile ubomi bayo obungcono - nobude.

Ngokutsho konjingalwazi waseStanford kunye nombhali ophezulu wophando uSimona Onori, ukulinganisa kokuqala kubonisa ukuba iibhetri ezilawulwa ngolu buchwepheshe butsha zinokusingatha ubuncinane imijikelo yokukhupha itshaja engaphezulu ngama-20%, nokuba kutshaja ngokukhawuleza rhoqo, nto leyo ebeka uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo kwibhetri.

Uninzi lwemizamo yangaphambili yokwandisa ubomi bebhetri yemoto yombane igxile ekuphuculeni uyilo, izixhobo, kunye nokwenziwa kweeseli ezilodwa, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba, njengezikhonkwane kwityathanga, iphakheji yebhetri ilungile kuphela njengeseli yayo ebuthathaka. Olu phononongo lutsha luqala ngokuqonda ukuba nangona izikhonkwane ezibuthathaka zingenakuphepheka - ngenxa yokungafezeki kokwenziwa kwaye ngenxa yokuba ezinye iiseli ziwohloka ngokukhawuleza kunezinye njengoko zichatshazelwa ziingcinezelo ezifana nobushushu - akufuneki zithobe yonke iphakheji. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukulungelelanisa amanqanaba okutshaja ngokwesakhono esikhethekileyo seseli nganye ukuze kuthintelwe ukungaphumeleli.

“Ukuba azilungiswanga kakuhle, ukungafani kweeseli kwiiseli kunokubeka emngciphekweni ubomi obude, impilo, kunye nokhuseleko lwebhetri kwaye kubangele ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwebhetri kwangoko,” utshilo u-Onori, onguprofesa oncedisayo wobunjineli besayensi yamandla kwiStanford Doerr School of Sustainability. “Indlela yethu ilinganisa amandla kwiseli nganye kwiphakheji, izisa zonke iiseli kwimeko yokugqibela yokutshaja ngendlela elungeleleneyo kwaye iphucule ubomi obude bephakheji.”

Ukhuthazwe ukwakha ibhetri eyi-million-mile

Inxalenye yesizathu sophando olutsha ibuyela umva kwisaziso sika-2020 esenziwe yiTesla, inkampani yeemoto zombane, sokusebenza kwibhetri “yezigidi zeemayile.” Le ingaba yibhetri ekwaziyo ukunika amandla imoto kangangesigidi seemayile nangaphezulu (ngokutshaja rhoqo) ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele kwinqanaba apho, njengebhetri ye-lithium-ion kwifowuni endala okanye kwilaptop, ibhetri ye-EV igcina itshaja encinci kakhulu ukuba isebenze.

Ibhetri enjalo ingadlula iwaranti eqhelekileyo yabenzi beemoto kwiibhetri zezithuthi zombane zeminyaka esibhozo okanye iimayile ezili-100,000. Nangona iipakethe zebhetri zihlala ixesha elide kunewaranti yazo, ukuzithemba kwabathengi kwizithuthi zombane kunokomelezwa ukuba ukutshintshwa kweepakethe zebhetri ezibizayo kuya kuba kunqabile. Ibhetri esenokugcina itshaja emva kwamawaka eetshaja inokunceda indlela yokufaka umbane kwiilori ezihamba ixesha elide, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezibizwa ngokuba ziimoto ukuya kwigridi, apho iibhetri ze-EV ziya kugcina kwaye zithumele amandla ahlaziyekayo kwigridi yombane.

“Kamva kwachazwa ukuba ingcamango yebhetri yesigidi seemayile yayingeyonto intsha ngokwenene, kodwa yayiyindlela nje yokusebenzisa ibhetri ngokungayenzi isebenzise uluhlu olupheleleyo lokutshaja,” utshilo u-Onori. Uphando olunxulumene noko lugxile kwiiseli ze-lithium-ion enye, ezihlala zingalahlekelwa ngumthamo wokutshaja ngokukhawuleza njengeepakethe zebhetri ezipheleleyo.

Enomdla, u-Onori kunye nabaphandi ababini kwilebhu yakhe – isazi se-postdoctoral uVahid Azimi kunye nomfundi wePhD u-Anirudh Allam – bagqibe ekubeni baphande indlela ulawulo oluyila ngayo iintlobo zeebhetri ezikhoyo olunokuphucula ngayo ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yephakheji yebhetri epheleleyo, enokuba namakhulu okanye amawaka eeseli.

Imodeli yebhetri ethembekileyo kakhulu

Njengenyathelo lokuqala, abaphandi benze imodeli yekhompyutha ethembekileyo yokuziphatha kwebhetri eyayimela ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho olubonakalayo nolwekhemikhali olwenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhetri ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo. Ezinye zezi nguqu ziyenzeka kwimizuzwana okanye imizuzu - ezinye ziqhubeka kwiinyanga okanye kwiminyaka.

“Ngokolwazi lwethu, akukho phando lwangaphambili olusebenzise uhlobo lwemodeli yebhetri ethembekileyo kakhulu, enamaxesha amaninzi esiyidalileyo,” utshilo u-Onori, ongumlawuli weStanford Energy Control Lab.

Ukusebenzisa iimodeli zokulinganisa imodeli kubonisa ukuba ibhetri yanamhlanje inokulungiswa kwaye ilawulwe ngokwamkela umahluko phakathi kweeseli zayo. U-Onori kunye noogxa bakhe bacinga ukuba imodeli yabo isetyenziselwa ukukhokela uphuhliso lweenkqubo zolawulo lwebhetri kwiminyaka ezayo ezinokusetyenziswa ngokulula kuyilo lwezithuthi ezikhoyo.

Ayizizo izithuthi zombane kuphela eziza kuzuza. Phantse naluphi na usetyenziso "oluxinzelela kakhulu ibhetri" lunokuba ngumviwa olungileyo wolawulo olungcono olusekelwe kwiziphumo ezintsha, utshilo u-Onori. Umzekelo omnye? Iinqwelomoya ezifana nedrone ezinombane osuka phezulu uze ufike, ngamanye amaxesha zibizwa ngokuba yi-eVTOL, ezilindeleke ukuba abanye oosomashishini bazisebenzise njengeeteksi zomoya kwaye zibonelele ngezinye iinkonzo zokuhamba emoyeni ezidolophini kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo. Sekunjalo, ezinye izicelo zeebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezinokutshajwa kwakhona ziyabiza, kubandakanya ukuhamba ngeenqwelo moya ngokubanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla avuselelekayo okukhulu.

“Iibhetri zeLithium-ion sele zitshintshe ihlabathi ngeendlela ezininzi,” utshilo u-Onori. “Kubalulekile ukuba sifumane okuninzi kangangoko sinako kule teknoloji iguqulayo kunye nezinye eziza kulandela.”