Ukunyuka okukhulu kwamaxabiso ezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zebhetri ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2021 kubangela ukurhanelwa malunga nokutshatyalaliswa kwemfuno okanye ukulibaziseka, kwaye kukhokelele kwinkolelo yokuba iinkampani zeemoto zinokutshintsha ukhetho lwezithuthi zazo zombane.

Iphakheji ebiza kancinci ibisoloko iyi-lithium-iron-phosphate, okanyeI-LFP.I-Tesla ibisoloko isebenzisa i-LFP kwiimodeli zayo zokuqala ezenziwe eTshayina ukusukela ngo-2021. Abanye abenzi beemoto ezifana neVolkswagen kunye neRivian nabo babhengeze ukuba baza kusebenzisa i-LFP kwiimodeli zayo ezingabizi kakhulu.

Iibhetri zeNickel-cobalt-manganese, okanye i-NCM, zezinye iindlela. Zifuna umlinganiselo ofanayo we-lithium ukuzeI-LFP, kodwa iquka i-cobalt, ebiza kakhulu kwaye inkqubo yokuvelisa kwayo iyaphikiswana.

Ixabiso lesinyithi seCobalt linyuke ngama-70% kulo nyaka. I-Nickel ibone ukungazinzi kutshanje emva kokucinezelwa okufutshane kwe-LME. Ixabiso le-nickel leenyanga ezintathu lirhweba ngaphakathi kweentsuku ukusuka kwi-$27,920-$28,580/mt ngoMeyi 10.

Okwangoku, amaxabiso e-lithium anyuke ngaphezulu kwama-700% ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2021, nto leyo ekhokelele ekunyukeni okukhulu kwamaxabiso eebhetri.
Ngokutsho kwe-S&P Global Market Intelligence, iindleko zesinyithi zebhetri zaseTshayina ngoMatshi zinyuke nge-580.7% ngonyaka kwiibhetri ze-LFP ngedola ngekhilogram, zinyuke zaya kuthi ga kwi-$36/kwh. Iibhetri ze-NCM zinyuke nge-152.6% kwixesha elifanayo zaya kuthi ga kwi-$73-78/kwh ngoFebruwari.

"Indlelai-lithiumixabiso layo linyukile kwiinyanga ezili-12 ezidlulileyo. Sisaphulelo esincinci kunokuba ubuya kulindela [xa kuthelekiswa ne-NCM] kwaye wakuba ufaka izinto zokusebenza, sisigqibo esinzima ngakumbi kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo. Usenokufuna ukunikezela ngentsebenzo ethile ngexabiso, kodwa ayibizi kakhulu kule mihla. ” utshilo omnye umthengisi we-cobalt hydroxide.

“Bekukho amaxhala, eneneni, kuba ixabiso le-LFP lalibeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwicandelo elijolise kulo, eliziibhetri ezingabizi kakhulu,” utshilo umthombo womvelisi we-lithium.

“Akukho ndlela icacileyo yokutshintsha iibhetri ezisebenzisa i-nickel (ezo ziqulethe iinxalenye ezisi-8 ze-nickel okanye ngaphezulu) kwixesha elifutshane ukuya kweliphakathi. Ukubuyela kwiibhetri ze-NMC ezisebenzisa i-nickel ephantsi kuphinda kuzise iinkxalabo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwe-cobalt, ngelixa iibhetri ze-LFP zingenakukwazi ukuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nokusebenza koluhlu kwaye zineempawu ezingathandekiyo zobushushu obuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neebhetri ezisebenzisa i-nickel,” utshilo u-Alice Yu, umhlalutyi ophezulu, i-S&P Global Market Intelligence.

Nangona ikhemistri ekhethwayo eTshayina yibhetri ye-LFP, kudla ngokucingelwa ukuba i-NCM iya kudlala indima enkulu kwiimarike ze-EU - apho abathengi bakhetha iimoto ezibahambisa kulo lonke ilizwe okanye ezinqumla ilizwekazi ngexabiso elincinci.

“Xa sijonga ukuyila izityalo zebhetri, kufuneka sihlole ukuguquguquka. Okwangoku kukho ukulingana kwamaxabiso phakathi kwe-LFP kunye ne-NCM. Ukuba i-LFP iya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi kwakhona, mhlawumbi singayibeka phambili imveliso, kodwa okwangoku kufuneka sivelise i-NCM kuba yimveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu.” utshilo i-OEM yeemoto.

I-OEM yesibini yeemoto iphinda loo ngxelo, “iibhetri ze-LFP ziya kuba khona kwiimoto ezikumgangatho wokuqala, kodwa azisetyenziswa kwiimoto zexabiso eliphezulu”.

Into ethintelayo

Ubonelelo lweLithium luseyingxaki enkulu kwimarike ye-EV kwaye yinto enokuthintela nayiphi na inkampani ukuba itshintshele kwi-LFP ngokulula.

Uphando oluvela kwi-S&P Global Commodity Insights lubonisa ukuba ukuba zonke iimigodi ze-lithium ezisendleleni zisebenza ngexesha elicetywayo, kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo zezinto zebhetri, kuya kubakho ukunqongophala kwe-220,000 mt ngo-2030, ukuba imfuno ifikelela kwi-2 yezigidi mt ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi.

Uninzi lwabavelisi be-lithium baseNtshona banenxalenye enkulu yemveliso yabo ebhukishwe phantsi kwezivumelwano zexesha elide, kwaye abaguquli baseTshayina bebexakeke ziimfuno zesivumelwano sexesha elifutshane kunye nesexesha elide.

“Kukho izicelo ezininzi [ezifumanekayo], kodwa asinazo naziphi na izinto ezikhoyo okwangoku,” utshilo umthombo womvelisi we-lithium. “Sinemiqulu ekhoyo kuphela xa umthengi enengxaki ethile, okanye erhoxisa ukuthunyelwa ngesizathu esithile, kungenjalo konke kubhukishwe,” wongezelela.

Ukwanda kwamaxhala malunga ne-lithium, kunye nezinye iintsimbi zebhetri, eziba yinto ethintelayo ekukhuthazeni ukwamkelwa kwee-EV kukhokelele ekubeni abenzi beemoto babandakanyeke ngakumbi kwicala eliphambili leshishini.

I-General Motors iza kutyala imali kuphuhliso lweprojekthi ye-lithium ye-Controlled Thermal Resources 'Hell's Kitchen eCalifornia. I-Stellantis, iVolkswagen kunye ne-Renault basebenzisana ne-Vulcan Resources ukufumana izixhobo kwiprojekthi ye-Zero Carbon eJamani.

Enye indlela yesodium-ion

Ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-lithium, i-cobalt kunye ne-nickel okulindelekileyo, ishishini leebhetri belisoloko likhangela ezinye iindlela. Iibhetri zeSodium-ion zithathwa njengenye yezona ndlela zithembisayo.

I-Sodium-ion idla ngokusebenzisa ikhabhoni kwi-anode kunye nezinto ezivela kudidi olwaziwa ngokuba yiPrussian Blue kwi-cathode. Kukho "uthotho lweesinyithi ezinokusetyenziswa kwiPrussian Blue, kwaye ziya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinkampani," ngokutsho kukaVenkat Srinivasan, umlawuli we-Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS) ese-US.

Imithombo ithi eyona nzuzo inkulu ye-sodium-ion yindleko yayo ephantsi yemveliso. Ngenxa yobuninzi be-sodium emhlabeni, ezi paki zebhetri zinokubiza phantse i-3%-50% ngaphantsi kweebhetri ze-lithium-ion. Uxinano lwamandla luthelekiswa ne-LFP.

I-Contemporary Amperex Technology (CATL), enye yezona mveliso zinkulu zeebhetri eTshayina, ityhile kunyaka ophelileyo isizukulwana sayo sokuqala sebhetri ye-sodium-ion, kunye nesisombululo sayo se-AB battery pack, esibonisa ukuba ikwazile ukudibanisa iiseli ze-sodium-ion kunye neeseli ze-lithium-ion kwiphakheji enye. Inkqubo yokuvelisa kunye nezixhobo zebhetri ye-sodium-ion iyahambelana nebhetri ye-lithium-ion yangoku, utshilo uCATL.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba i-sodium-ion ifikelele kwinqanaba elikhulu lorhwebo, kufuneka kujongwane nezinye iingxaki.

Kusekho uphuculo oluthile ekufuneka lwenziwe kumacala e-electrolyte kunye ne-anode.

Xa ithelekiswa nebhetri esekwe kwi-LFP, i-sodium-ion inamandla xa ikhutshwa, kodwa ibuthathaka xa itshajwa.

Eyona nto iphambili ethintelayo kukuba oku kusesexesha elithile ukuba lifumaneke kwinqanaba lezorhwebo.

Ngokufanayo, kuye kwenziwa utyalo-mali lwezigidigidi zeerandi kwikhonkco lokubonelela nge-lithium-ion ngokusekelwe kwiikhemikhali ezityebileyo ze-lithium kunye ne-nickel.

“Ngokuqinisekileyo singajonga i-sodium-ion kodwa kufuneka siqale sigxile kubuchwepheshe obukhoyo kwaye buzisa isityalo kwi-intanethi,” utshilo omnye umenzi weebhetri.