Iibhetri ze-lithium ion ezinokutshajwa kwakhona zisetyenziselwa ukunika amandla izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezininzi kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwiilaptops kunye neeselfowuni ukuya kwiimoto zombane. Iibhetri ze-lithium ion ezikwimarike namhlanje zihlala zixhomekeke kwisisombululo solwelo, esibizwa ngokuba yi-electrolyte, embindini weseli.

Xa ibhetri inika amandla isixhobo, ii-ion ze-lithium zihamba ukusuka kwisiphelo esichajiweyo kakubi, okanye i-anode, nge-electrolyte engamanzi, ukuya kwisiphelo esichajiweyo kakuhle, okanye i-cathode. Xa ibhetri itshajwa, ii-ion zihamba kwelinye icala ukusuka kwi-cathode, nge-electrolyte, ukuya kwi-anode.

Iibhetri ze-lithium ion ezixhomekeke kwi-electrolytes ezingamanzi zinengxaki enkulu yokhuseleko: zinokutsha xa zitshajiswa kakhulu okanye zisebenza ixesha elifutshane. Enye indlela ekhuselekileyo endaweni ye-electrolytes ezingamanzi kukwakha ibhetri esebenzisa i-electrolyte eqinileyo ukuthwala ii-ion ze-lithium phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-cathode.

Nangona kunjalo, izifundo zangaphambili zifumanise ukuba i-electrolyte eqinileyo ikhokelele ekukhuleni okuncinci kwesinyithi, okubizwa ngokuba yi-dendrites, okuya kuqokelelana kwi-anode ngelixa ibhetri itshaja. Ezi dendrites zijikeleza iibhetri ngokukhawuleza kwimijelo ephantsi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zingasetyenziswa.

Ukukhula kwe-dendrite kuqala kwiimpazamo ezincinci kwi-electrolyte kumda ophakathi kwe-electrolyte kunye ne-anode. Izazinzulu eIndiya kutshanje zifumene indlela yokucothisa ukukhula kwe-dendrite. Ngokongeza umaleko omncinci wesinyithi phakathi kwe-electrolyte kunye ne-anode, zinokuthintela i-dendrites ekukhuleni ibe yi-anode.

Izazinzulu zikhethe ukufunda i-aluminium kunye ne-tungsten njengeentsimbi ezinokwenzeka ukwakha olu maleko mncinci wesinyithi. Oku kungenxa yokuba akukho mxube we-aluminium okanye we-tungsten, okanye i-alloy, ene-lithium. Izazinzulu zazikholelwa ukuba oku kuya kunciphisa amathuba okuba kubekho iziphene kwi-lithium. Ukuba isinyithi esikhethiweyo sidibanise ne-lithium, amanani amancinci e-lithium anokungena kwi-layer yesinyithi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kuya kushiya uhlobo lwesiphene olubizwa ngokuba yi-void kwi-lithium apho i-dendrite inokwenza khona emva koko.

Ukuze kuvavanywe ukusebenza kakuhle komaleko wesinyithi, kwahlanganiswa iintlobo ezintathu zeebhetri: enye inomaleko obhityileyo we-aluminium phakathi kwe-lithium anode kunye ne-electrolyte eqinileyo, enye inomaleko obhityileyo we-tungsten, kwaye enye ayinamaleko wesinyithi.

Ngaphambi kokuvavanya iibhetri, izazinzulu zisebenzise imakroskopu enamandla aphezulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-scanning electron microscope, ukujonga ngokusondeleyo umda phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-electrolyte. Babone izikhewu ezincinci kunye nemingxunya kwisampulu engenamaleko yesinyithi, bephawula ukuba ezi ziphene ziindawo apho ii-dendrites zinokukhula khona. Zombini iibhetri ezinee-aluminium kunye nee-tungsten layers zazibonakala zigudile kwaye ziqhubeka.

Kwilinge lokuqala, umbane ongaguqukiyo wajikeleziswa kwibhetri nganye kangangeeyure ezingama-24. Ibhetri engenamaleko amfutshane esinyithi yasilela kwaye yasilela kwiiyure ezili-9 zokuqala, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokukhula kwe-dendrite. Akukho bhetri ine-aluminium okanye i-tungsten eyasilela kolu linge lokuqala.

Ukuze kuchongwe ukuba loluphi ungqimba lwesinyithi olungcono ekumiseni ukukhula kwe-dendrite, kwenziwe olunye uvavanyo kwiisampuli zongqimba lwe-aluminiyam kunye ne-tungsten kuphela. Kolu vavanyo, iibhetri zajikeleziswa ngokunyuka koxinano lwamandla ombane, ziqala kumandla ombane asetyenziswe kuvavanyo lwangaphambili kwaye zanda ngesixa esincinci kwinqanaba ngalinye.

Uxinano lwangoku apho ibhetri yayijikeleza khona kwakukholelwa ukuba luxinano lwangoku olubalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwe-dendrite. Ibhetri enomaleko we-aluminiyam ayiphumelelanga ngokuphindwe kathathu kunomsinga wokuqala, kwaye ibhetri enomaleko we-tungsten ayiphumelelanga ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunomsinga wokuqala. Olu vavanyo lubonisa ukuba i-tungsten iphumelele ngaphezu kwe-aluminiyam.

Kwakhona, izazinzulu zisebenzise i-scanning electron microscope ukuhlola umda phakathi kwe-anode kunye ne-electrolyte. Babona ukuba i-voids yaqala ukwakheka kumaleko wesinyithi kwisibini kwisithathu soxinano lwamandla abalulekileyo olulinganiswe kuvavanyo lwangaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, i-voids yayingekho kwisithathu sesithathu soxinano lwamandla abalulekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisile ukuba ukwakheka kwe-void kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kwe-dendrite.

Emva koko izazinzulu zenze izibalo zokubala ukuze ziqonde indlela i-lithium esebenzisana ngayo nezi zinyithi, zisebenzisa oko sikwaziyo malunga nendlela i-tungsten kunye ne-aluminium ezisabela ngayo kutshintsho lwamandla kunye nobushushu. Zibonise ukuba iileya ze-aluminium zinamathuba aphezulu okuphuhlisa i-voids xa zisebenzisana ne-lithium. Ukusebenzisa ezi zibalo kuya kwenza kube lula ukukhetha olunye uhlobo lwesinyithi oluza kuvavanywa kwixesha elizayo.

Olu phononongo lubonise ukuba iibhetri ze-electrolyte eziqinileyo zithembeke ngakumbi xa kongezwa umaleko omncinci wesinyithi phakathi kwe-electrolyte kunye ne-anode. Izazinzulu zikwabonise ukuba ukukhetha isinyithi esinye kunesinye, kule meko i-tungsten endaweni ye-aluminium, kunokwenza iibhetri zihlale ixesha elide. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwezi ntlobo zeebhetri kuya kuzisondeza ekutshintsheni iibhetri ze-electrolyte ezingamanzi ezitsha kakhulu kwimarike namhlanje.