Amandla, njengesiseko sezinto ezibonakalayo kwinkqubela phambili yempucuko yabantu, uye wahlala edlala indima ebalulekileyo.Sisiqinisekiso esiyimfuneko kuphuhliso loluntu.Kunye namanzi, umoya, kunye nokutya, zenza iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze umntu aphile kwaye buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bomntu..

Uphuhliso loshishino lwamandla luye lwenziwa iinguqulelo ezimbini ezinkulu ukusuka “kwixesha” leenkuni ukuya “kwixesha” lamalahle, emva koko ukusuka “kwixesha” lamalahle ukuya “kwixesha” leoli.Ngoku sele iqalile ukutshintsha ukusuka "kwixesha" leoli ukuya "kwixesha" lokuguqulwa kwamandla avuselelekayo.

Ukususela kumalahle njengowona mthombo uphambili ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kwioli njengowona mthombo uphambili embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, abantu baye basebenzisa amandla efosili ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200.Nangona kunjalo, ulwakhiwo lwamandla ehlabathi olulawulwa ngamandla efosili luwenza angabi kude nokuncipha kwamandla efosili.

Iifosili ezintathu zemveli abathwali bezoqoqosho ezimelwe ngamalahle, i-oyile kunye negesi yendalo ziya kuphelelwa ngokukhawuleza kwinkulungwane entsha, kwaye kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kunye nokutshisa, kuya kubangela ukuba i-greenhouse effect, ivelise isixa esikhulu sokungcola, kunye nokungcolisa. indlela eyiyo.

Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumandla efosili, ukuguqula ubume obukhoyo bokusetyenziswa kwamandla angekho ngqiqweni, kwaye kufunelwe amandla amatsha ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo nangenalungcoliso.

Okwangoku, amandla ahlaziyekayo aquka amandla omoya, amandla ehydrogen, amandla elanga, amandla ebhayomass, amandla olwandle kunye ne-geothermal, njl.

Nangona kunjalo, kusenzima ukuphumeza uguqulo olusebenzayo kunye nokugcinwa kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla ahlaziyekayo, oko kwenza kube nzima ukuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kule meko, ukuze kuphunyezwe ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwamandla amatsha ahlaziyekayo ngabantu, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa iteknoloji yogcino lwamandla olufanelekileyo nolusebenzayo, olukwayindawo eshushu kuphando lwangoku lwentlalo.

Okwangoku, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, njengenye yeebhetri zesekondari ezisebenzayo, zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zombane, ukuthutha, i-aerospace kunye nezinye iindawo., amathemba ophuhliso anzima ngakumbi.

Iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zesodium kunye ne-lithium ziyafana, kwaye zinefuthe lokugcina amandla.Ngenxa yomxholo ocebileyo, ukusabalalisa okufanayo komthombo we-sodium, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, lisetyenziselwa iteknoloji yokugcina amandla amakhulu, eneempawu zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.

Izinto ze-electrode ezintle kunye ezingalunganga zeebhetri ze-ion ze-sodium ziquka iikhompawundi zetsimbi eziguquguqukayo, i-polyanions, i-phosphates yensimbi yenguqu, i-nanoparticles ye-core-shell, iikhompawundi zetsimbi, i-carbon enzima, njl.

Njengesixhobo esinogcino oluninzi kakhulu kwindalo, ikhabhoni inexabiso eliphantsi kwaye kulula ukuyifumana, kwaye ifumene ukuqondwa okuninzi njengemathiriyeli ye-anode yeebhetri zesodium-ion.

Ngokwezinga le-graphitization, izinto zekhabhoni zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-graphic carbon kunye ne-amorphous carbon.

Ikhabhoni enzima, eyikhabhoni ye-amorphous, ibonisa umthamo othile we-sodium yokugcina i-300mAh / g, ngelixa izinto zekhabhoni ezinezinga eliphezulu le-graphitization kunzima ukuhlangabezana nokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo ngenxa yendawo enkulu kunye nomyalelo oqinileyo.

Ke ngoko, izinto ezingezizo iigraphite zekhabhoni ezinzima zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kuphando olusebenzayo.

Ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukusebenza kwezixhobo ze-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion, i-hydrophilicity kunye ne-conductivity yezinto zekhabhoni zingaphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-ion doping okanye i-compounding, enokuphucula ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamandla kwezixhobo zekhabhoni.

Njengomathiriyeli we-electrode engalunganga yebhetri ye-ion yesodium, iikhompawundi zetsimbi ubukhulu becala zimbini-dimensional metal carbides kunye nitrides.Ukongeza kwiimpawu ezigqwesileyo zezinto ezimbini-dimensional, azikwazi ukugcina i-ion ze-sodium kuphela nge-adsorption kunye ne-intercalation, kodwa zidibanise ne-sodium Ukudibanisa i-ion kuvelisa i-capacitance ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali zokugcinwa kwamandla, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe kakhulu umphumo wokugcina amandla.

Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu kunye nobunzima bokufumana iikhompawundi zetsimbi, izinto zekhabhoni zisezona zinto ziphambili ze-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion.

Ukunyuka kweekhompawundi zentsimbi eziguquguqukayo kusemva kokufunyanwa kwegraphene.Okwangoku, izinto ezimacala amabini asetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion ikakhulu ziquka i-sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, njl.

Izinto ze-polyanionic positive electrode zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwi-lithium-ion battery positive electrode, kwaye kamva zasetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion.Izinto zommeli ezibalulekileyo ziquka iikristale ze-olivine ezifana ne-NaMnPO4 kunye ne-NaFePO4.

I-transition metal phosphate yayisetyenziswe ekuqaleni njengento efanelekileyo ye-electrode kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion.Inkqubo yokudibanisa ikhulile kwaye zininzi izakhiwo zekristale.

I-Phosphate, njengesakhiwo se-dimensional-dimensional, yakha isakhiwo sesakhelo esifanelekileyo kwi-deintercalation kunye ne-intercalation ye-ion ye-sodium, kwaye emva koko ifumana iibhetri ze-sodium-ion kunye nokusebenza okugqwesileyo kokugcinwa kwamandla.

I-core-shell structure material luhlobo olutsha lwezinto ze-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion eziye zavela kuphela kwiminyaka yamuva.Ngokusekelwe kwizinto zokuqala, le nto iphumelele isakhiwo esingenanto ngokuyilwa kwesakhiwo esigqwesileyo.

Ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zesakhiwo seqokobhe le-cobalt selenide nanocubes, i-Fe-N co-doped core-shell ye-sodium vanadate nanospheres, i-porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezingenanto.

Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezigqwesileyo, ezidityaniswe nesakhiwo somlingo kunye ne-porous, umsebenzi omninzi we-electrochemical ubonakaliswa kwi-electrolyte, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ikwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuhamba kwe-ion ye-electrolyte ukufezekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla okusebenzayo.

Amandla ahlaziyekayo ehlabathi ayaqhubeka nokunyuka, ekhuthaza uphuhliso lobugcisa bokugcina amandla.

Okwangoku, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugcina amandla, inokwahlulwa kugcino lwamandla omzimba kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla e-electrochemical.

Ukugcinwa kwamandla e-Electrochemical ihlangabezana nemigangatho yophuhliso yeteknoloji entsha yokugcina amandla yanamhlanje ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo zokhuseleko oluphezulu, ixabiso eliphantsi, ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo, kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.

Ngokweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusabela kwe-electrochemical, imithombo yamandla okugcina amandla e-electrochemical ikakhulu ibandakanya ii-supercapacitors, iibhetri ze-lead-acid, iibhetri zamandla e-fuel, iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride, iibhetri ze-sodium-sulfur, kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-ion.

Kwitekhnoloji yokugcina amandla, izixhobo ze-electrode eziguquguqukayo zitsale umdla wophando lwezazinzulu ezininzi ngenxa yokwahluka koyilo, ukuguquguquka, ixabiso eliphantsi, kunye neempawu zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Izinto zekhabhoni zinozinzo olukhethekileyo lwe-thermochemical, i-conductivity elungileyo yombane, amandla aphezulu, kunye neempawu ezingaqhelekanga zomatshini, okwenza zibe zithembisa i-electrode kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neebhetri ze-sodium-ion.

I-Supercapacitors inokuhlawuliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhutshwe phantsi kweemeko eziphezulu zangoku, kwaye ibe nobomi bomjikelezo ongaphezu kwamaxesha e-100,000.Ziyintlobo entsha ye-electrochemical energy yokugcina umbane okhethekileyo phakathi kwee-capacitors kunye neebhetri.

Ii-Supercapacitors zineempawu zokuxinana kwamandla aphezulu kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kwamandla, kodwa amandla azo aphantsi, athanda ukuzikhupha ngokwawo, kwaye athanda ukuvuza kwe-electrolyte xa esetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga.

Nangona iseli yamandla epetroli ineempawu zokungatshaji, umthamo omkhulu, umthamo othile ophezulu kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwamandla athile, ubushushu bayo obuphezulu bokusebenza, ixabiso lexabiso eliphezulu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kwenza ukuba ifumaneke kuphela kwinkqubo yorhwebo.isetyenziswe kwiindidi ezithile.

Iibhetri ze-lead-acid zineenzuzo zeendleko eziphantsi, iteknoloji evuthiweyo, kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizikhululo zesiseko somqondiso, iibhayisekile zombane, iimoto, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla egridi.Iibhodi ezimfutshane ezifana nokungcolisa okusingqongileyo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezikhulayo kunye nemigangatho yeebhetri zokugcina amandla.

Iibhetri ze-Ni-MH zineempawu zokuguquguquka okunamandla, ixabiso eliphantsi le-calorific, umthamo omkhulu we-monomer, kunye neempawu ezizinzileyo zokukhupha, kodwa ubunzima babo bukhulu kakhulu, kwaye kukho iingxaki ezininzi kulawulo lweebhetri, ezinokukhokelela ngokulula ekunyibilikeni kwe-single. izahluli zebhetri.