Amandla, njengesiseko sezinto ezibonakalayo kwinkqubela phambili yempucuko yoluntu, ebesoloko edlala indima ebalulekileyo. Sisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sophuhliso loluntu. Kunye namanzi, umoya, nokutya, enza iimeko ezifunekayo zokusinda komntu kwaye achaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bomntu.

Uphuhliso lweshishini lamandla luye lwaguquka kabini ukusuka “kwixesha” leenkuni ukuya “kwixesha” lamalahle, kwaze kwatshintsha ukusuka “kwixesha” lamalahle ukuya “kwixesha” leoyile. Ngoku sele iqalile ukutshintsha ukusuka “kwixesha” leoyile ukuya “kwixesha” lotshintsho lwamandla avuselelekayo.

Ukususela kumalahle njengomthombo oyintloko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kwioyile njengomthombo oyintloko phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, abantu basebenzise amandla eefosili ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-200. Nangona kunjalo, ulwakhiwo lwamandla ehlabathi olulawulwa ngamandla eefosili lwenza ukuba kungabi kude kakhulu nokuphela kwamandla eefosili.

Iinkampani ezintathu zemveli ezithwala amandla e-fossil ezimelwe ngamalahle, ioyile kunye negesi yendalo ziya kuphelelwa ngokukhawuleza kwinkulungwane entsha, kwaye kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa nokutsha, ziya kubangela nefuthe le-greenhouse, zivelise ungcoliseko oluninzi, kwaye zingcolise okusingqongileyo.

Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumandla e-fossil, ukutshintsha indlela ekhoyo yokusebenzisa amandla angenangqiqo, kunye nokufuna amandla amatsha ahlaziyekayo acocekileyo nangenangcoliseko.

Okwangoku, amandla avuselelekayo aquka amandla omoya, amandla e-hydrogen, amandla elanga, amandla e-biomass, amandla olwandle kunye namandla obushushu, njl.njl., kwaye amandla omoya kunye namandla elanga zezona ndawo ziphambili kuphando kwihlabathi liphela.

Nangona kunjalo, kusenzima ukufikelela ekuguqulweni nasekugcinweni kwemithombo eyahlukeneyo yamandla avuselelekayo ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kwimeko enjalo, ukuze abantu basebenzise amandla amatsha ahlaziyekayo ngempumelelo, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa iteknoloji entsha yokugcina amandla elula nefanelekileyo, ekwayindawo ebalulekileyo kuphando lwentlalo lwangoku.

Okwangoku, iibhetri ze-lithium-ion, njengenye yeebhetri zesibini ezisebenzayo, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-elektroniki, ezothutho, i-aerospace kunye nezinye iinkalo. , amathuba ophuhliso anzima ngakumbi.

Iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zesodium kunye ne-lithium ziyafana, kwaye inefuthe lokugcina amandla. Ngenxa yobuninzi bayo, ukusasazwa okufanayo komthombo wesodium, kunye nexabiso eliphantsi, isetyenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla obukhulu, obuneempawu zexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.

Izinto ze-electrode ezilungileyo nezingalunganga zeebhetri ze-sodium ion ziquka ii-layered transition metal compounds, ii-polyanions, ii-transition metal phosphates, ii-nanoparticles ze-core-shell, ii-metal compounds, i-hard carbon, njl.

Njengento enezinto ezininzi ezigciniweyo, ikhabhoni ingabizi kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuyifumana, kwaye ifumene udumo olukhulu njengesixhobo se-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion.

Ngokwezinga le-graphitization, izinto zekhabhoni zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: i-graphitic carbon kunye ne-amorphous carbon.

Ikhabhoni eqinileyo, eyinxalenye yekhabhoni engenasimo, inomthamo othile wokugcina isodiyam oyi-300mAh/g, ngelixa izixhobo zekhabhoni ezinezinga eliphezulu legrafitizing kunzima ukuzisebenzisa kwezorhwebo ngenxa yobukhulu bazo kunye nocwangco oluqinileyo.

Ke ngoko, izinto zekhabhoni ezingeyo-grafiti zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando olusebenzayo.

Ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukusebenza kwezinto ze-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion, ukuphilileka kwamanzi kunye nokuqhuba kwezixhobo zekhabhoni kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-ion doping okanye i-compounding, enokuphucula ukusebenza kokugcinwa kwamandla kwezinto zekhabhoni.

Njengezinto ezingezizo ii-electrode zebhetri ye-sodium ion, iikhompawundi zesinyithi ikakhulu zii-carbides zesinyithi ezinemilinganiselo emibini kunye nee-nitrides. Ukongeza kwiimpawu ezintle zezinto ezinemilinganiselo emibini, azinakugcina kuphela ii-ion zesodium ngokuzidibanisa kunye nokudibanisa, kodwa zikwadibanisa nesodium. Ukudibana kwee-ion kuvelisa amandla ngokusebenzisa ii-chemical reactions zokugcina amandla, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula kakhulu isiphumo sokugcina amandla.

Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu kunye nobunzima bokufumana iikhompawundi zesinyithi, izinto zekhabhoni zisesezona zinto ziphambili ze-anode kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion.

Ukwanda kweekhompawundi zesinyithi eziguqukayo ezifakwe ileya kwenzeka emva kokufunyanwa kwegraphene. Okwangoku, izinto ezisetyenziswa kwiibhetri zesodium-ion ziquka ikakhulu i-sodium-based layered NaxMO4, NaxCoO4, NaxMnO4, NaxVO4, NaxFeO4, njl.

Izixhobo ze-polyanionic positive electrode zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwii-electrodes ze-lithium-ion battery positive, zaza kamva zasetyenziswa kwiibhetri ze-sodium-ion. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ezimeleyo ziquka iikristale ze-olivine ezifana ne-NaMnPO4 kunye ne-NaFePO4.

I-transition metal phosphate ekuqaleni yayisetyenziswa njenge-electrode material entle kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion. Inkqubo yokwenza izinto sele ikhulile kwaye kukho izakhiwo ezininzi zekristale.

I-phosphate, njengesakhiwo esinemilinganiselo emithathu, yakha isakhiwo sesakhelo esilungelelanisa ukususwa kwe-sodium ions kunye nokudibanisa, ize emva koko ifumane iibhetri ze-sodium-ion ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekugcineni amandla.

Izinto zokwakha i-core-shell luhlobo olutsha lwezinto ze-anode zeebhetri ze-sodium-ion ezivele kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ngokusekelwe kwizinto zokuqala, ezi zinto zifikelele kwisakhiwo esingenanto ngoyilo oluhle kakhulu lwesakhiwo.

Izinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwisakhiwo se-core-shell ziquka ii-hollow cobalt selenide nanocubes, ii-Fe-N co-doped core-shell sodium vanadate nanospheres, ii-porous carbon hollow tin oxide nanospheres kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezingenanto.

Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo, kunye nesakhiwo sayo esinomngxuma nonomoya ongcolileyo, umsebenzi omninzi we-electrochemical uvezwa kwi-electrolyte, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ikwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuhamba kwee-ion ze-electrolyte ukuze kufezekiswe ukugcinwa kwamandla okusebenzayo.

Amandla avuselelekayo ehlabathi ayaqhubeka nokunyuka, nto leyo ekhuthaza uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokugcina amandla.

Okwangoku, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugcina amandla, inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe yindawo yokugcina amandla emzimbeni kunye nendawo yokugcina amandla nge-electrochemical.

Ugcino lwamandla olusebenzisa i-electrochemical luhlangabezana nemigangatho yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji entsha yokugcina amandla yanamhlanje ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo zokhuseleko oluphezulu, iindleko eziphantsi, ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu.

Ngokweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusabela kwe-electrochemical, imithombo yamandla okugcina amandla e-electrochemical ibandakanya ikakhulu ii-supercapacitors, iibhetri ze-lead-acid, iibhetri zamandla epetroli, iibhetri ze-nickel-metal hydride, iibhetri ze-sodium-sulfur, kunye neebhetri ze-lithium-ion.

Kwiteknoloji yokugcina amandla, izixhobo ze-electrode eziguquguqukayo zitsale umdla wophando lwezazinzulu ezininzi ngenxa yokwahluka kwazo kuyilo, ukuguquguquka, iindleko eziphantsi, kunye neempawu zokukhusela okusingqongileyo.

Izinto zekhabhoni zinozinzo olukhethekileyo lwe-thermochemical, umbane oqhuba kakuhle, amandla aphezulu, kunye neempawu ezingaqhelekanga zoomatshini, nto leyo eyenza zibe zii-electrodes ezithembisayo kwiibhetri ze-lithium-ion kunye neebhetri ze-sodium-ion.

Ii-Supercapacitors zinokutshajwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zikhutshwe phantsi kweemeko zamandla aphezulu, kwaye zinobomi bomjikelo obungaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezili-100,000. Ziluhlobo olutsha lombane okhethekileyo wokugcina amandla we-electrochemical phakathi kwee-capacitors kunye neebhetri.

Ii-Supercapacitors zineempawu zobuninzi bamandla aphezulu kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu, kodwa ubunzima bazo bamandla buphantsi, ziyakwazi ukuzikhupha ngokwazo, kwaye zinokuba nokuvuza kwe-electrolyte xa zisetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga.

Nangona iseli yamandla epetroli ineempawu zokungatshaji, amandla amakhulu, amandla athile aphezulu kunye nobubanzi bamandla athile, ubushushu bayo obuphezulu bokusebenza, ixabiso eliphezulu leendleko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula amandla aphantsi kwenza ukuba ifumaneke kuphela kwinkqubo yorhwebo.

Iibhetri ze-lead-acid zineengenelo zexabiso eliphantsi, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiweyo, kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizikhululo zesiseko sesignali, iibhayisekile zombane, iimoto, kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla egridi. Iibhodi ezimfutshane ezifana nokungcolisa okusingqongileyo azikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yeebhetri zokugcina amandla.

Iibhetri zeNi-MH zineempawu zokuguquguquka okunamandla, ixabiso eliphantsi leekhalori, umthamo omkhulu we-monomer, kunye neempawu zokukhupha ezizinzileyo, kodwa ubunzima bazo bukhulu kakhulu, kwaye kukho iingxaki ezininzi ekulawulweni kochungechunge lweebhetri, ezinokukhokelela ngokulula ekunyibilikeni kwezahluli zebhetri enye.